{"id":12912,"date":"2023-06-09T13:51:43","date_gmt":"2023-06-09T10:51:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academy.police.md\/?post_type=legea_si_viata&p=12912"},"modified":"2023-07-28T00:36:02","modified_gmt":"2023-07-27T21:36:02","slug":"legea-si-viata-vol-5-2022","status":"publish","type":"legea_si_viata","link":"https:\/\/academy.police.md\/gb\/legea_si_viata\/legea-si-viata-vol-5-2022","title":{"rendered":"Legea \u0219i Via\u021ba nr.5 (2022)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Legea \u0219i Via\u021ba nr.5 (2022)<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Equality before the law and the authorities
Egalitatea \u00een fa\u0163a legii \u015fi a autorit\u0103\u0163ilor <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dinu OSTAVCIUC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egalitatea \u00een fa\u021ba legii \u0219i a autorit\u0103\u021bilor este, de r\u00e2nd cu principiul legalit\u0103\u021bii, unul de o importan\u021b\u0103 deosebit\u0103 pentru procesul penal. Importan\u021ba acestuia pe c\u00e2t este de evident\u0103, cu at\u00e2t \u0219i speficic\u0103. Totu\u0219i este de men\u021bionat c\u0103 egalitatea este un drept relativ \u0219i nu absolut. Articolul \u00een referin\u021b\u0103 analizeaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 ultim\u0103 pozi\u021bie \u0219i vine a explica unele deziderate privind aplicabilitatea principiului respectiv. Totodat\u0103, cercetarea a avut ca scop analiza legisla\u021biei \u0219i practicii cu privire la aplicarea \u0219i respectarea principiului egalit\u0103\u021bii, iar ca urmare cercetarea vine cu recomand\u0103ri privind completarea \u0219i modificarea legisla\u021biei procesuale penale \u00een acest sens.
Cuvinte cheie: principiul egalit\u0103\u021bii, nedescriminarea, imunitate, categorii speciale de subiec\u021bi procesuali, sanc\u021biuni procesuale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_7-13<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Determinarea semnelor facultative ale laturii subiective la \u00eencadrarea juridic\u0103 a infrac\u0163iunii
Determining the optional signs of the subjective side in the legal classification of the crime <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radion COJOCARU, Mihail DAVID<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The procedures for determining the optional signs of the subjective side of the crime applicable in the process of legal classification, when these signs are enshrined in the incriminating norm, thus conditioning the existence of the composition of the crime are addressed in this study. This segment of the criminal law science is a favorite subject of study of the discipline Technique of Legal Framing of Offenses taught at the Academy “\u015etefan cel Mare” of the MIA of the Republic of Moldova, a fact for which we believe that the present study will be able to contribute to the realization of the related curricular objectives. Also, the author’s conclusions can find a practical utility in the activity of criminal law enforcement, activity conditioned by the correct legal classification of crimes, corresponding to the principle of the legality of incrimination.
Keywords: crime, component of crime, legal framework, subjective side, guilt, reason, purpose, emotional state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_14-23<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Reflec\u021bii privind no\u021biunea \u0219i con\u021binutul procesului penal din perspectiva activit\u0103\u021bii speciale de investiga\u021bii
Reflections on the notion and content of the criminal process from the perspective of the special investigation activity <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boris GLAVAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study is devoted to the field of criminal procedure law and special investigative activity, its topicality being determined by the complexity of the problems generated by some legislative inconsistencies likely to prevent the understanding and uniform application of the legal framework regarding the performance of special investigative measures. The reason for the initiation of this investigation is formed by the expressions: “within the criminal process” and “outside the criminal process”, these being used in Law no. 59\/2012 in the context of ordering the execution of different categories of special investigative measures. The analysis of the notion and legal content of the criminal process highlights the fact that within them the activity of investigative officers is not found as a subject competent to carry out special investigative measures. The problem addressed has both theoretical and practical value.
Keywords: special investigation activity, special investigation measures, criminal trial, criminal prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_24-33<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Amenin\u021b\u0103ri hibride \u0219i metodele de rezisten\u021b\u0103 \u00eempotriva acestora
Hybrid threats and methods of resistance against them <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alexandru PARENIUC, Vasili BEDA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article gives an overview of the phenomenon of hybrid threats, analyzing the essence and content of the strategies and counterstrategies of the opposing sides when preparing and holding hybrid wars. It is shown that their logic should be built taking into account the non\u00adlinear configuration of strategic forces and capabilities. Recommendations are given for neutralising hybrid threats and organising counteraction when unleashing a hybrid war.
Keywords: hybrid threats, hybrid risks, strategic psychological measures, non\u00adlinear war model, asymmetric actions, information and psychological pressure, cyberattacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_34-40<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Significance and role of trading customs in international trade and in the regulation of international agreements
Semnifica\u021bia \u0219i rolul obiceiurilor vamale \u00een comer\u021bul interna\u021bional \u0219i \u00een reglementarea tratatelor interna\u021bionale <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iurie MIHALACHE, Olga TATAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trade custom is a rule that has developed in the field of commerce on the basis of a constant and uniform repetition of actual relationships. Trade custom is of great importance in international trade and merchant shipping. The role of trade custom is increasing in the regulation of those areas of foreign economic cooperation that are not regulated by laws. Trade custom plays a decisive role in the resolution of disputes between parties to arbitration.
A trade custom must meet the requirements: it must have the character of a general rule, be known in the relevant field of trade, defined in its content and reasonable. A condition for the application of a trade custom is knowledge of it by the parties making the transaction. Trade customs determine the content of some conditions of contracts (if there are ambiguities and inaccuracies in contracts).
Keywords: concept, meanings, trade custom, international trade, foreign economic cooperation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_41-50<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Unele tr\u0103s\u0103turi generale ale or\u00eenduirii politice a Moldovei medievale
Certains caracteristiques g\u00e9n\u00e9rales du r\u00e9gime politique de la Moldavie m\u00e9dievale <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Octavian BEJAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La th\u00e9orie de l\u2019autoritarisme non limit\u00e9 des dirigeants moldaves semble douteuse \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re des nouvelles d\u00e9couvertes scientifiques faites dans d\u2019autres domaines de la science. Pour \u00e9clairer ces choses, nous avons accomplie une recherche scientifique, en utilisant la m\u00e9thode de l\u2019analyse de contenu des \u00e9crites m\u00e9di\u00e9vales et la m\u00e9thode de la construction abstraite de l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation des donn\u00e9es recueillis et d\u2019acquisition des novelles connaissances. Selon les donn\u00e9es obtenues et les interpr\u00e9tations faites, de l\u2019apparition de l\u2019\u00c9tat Moldove et, au moins, jusqu\u2019au Dimitrie Cantemir, dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, a r\u00e9gn\u00e9 la d\u00e9mocratie, donc les dirigeants du pays se soumettaient \u00e0 la volont\u00e9 de people. L\u2019administration du pays \u00e9tait, selon la loi, accompli par un seul homme, le dirigeant (domnitor, en roumaine), mais en fait ce dirigeant se consultait et se dirigeait en grande mesure par l\u2019opinion des fonctionnaires de haut niveau de l\u2019appareil d\u2019\u00c9tat, qui formait le conseil du pays. People et fonctionnaires se soulever rapidement contre les dirigeants qui violaient la volont\u00e9 de people, trahiraient le pays ou oubliaient faire son devoir de dirigeant. Les meilleurs hommes du pays \u00e9taient enr\u00f4l\u00e9s parmi les fonctionnaires, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire parmi les dirigeants de tout niveau. L\u2019\u00e9tat de choses a commenc\u00e9 se d\u00e9grader apr\u00e8s l\u2019adoption de la pratique de nommer comme dirigeant des \u00e9trangers et, \u00e0 la suite, le changement du r\u00e9gime singouriste avec le r\u00e9gime f\u00e9odal. La mauvaise situation du pays et du people se perp\u00e9tu\u00e9 en capitalisme.
Mots-cl\u00e9s : droit, m\u00e9di\u00e9val, moldave, Moldavie, ind\u00e9pendance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_51-62<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Publicitatea \u015fedin\u0163ei de judecat\u0103
Publicity of the court session <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dinu OSTAVCIUC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>Publicity is included among the principles of the criminal process, which is applicable only to the trial phase of the criminal case. The principle of publicity of the court session has a special role, because in order to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of the person, a trial cannot take place behind closed doors, otherwise there would be suspicions of committing abuses and distrust in the judiciary. However, there are cases when court hearings can take place outside of publicity, i.e. the hearings must be closed, but this fact must correspond to requirements and conditions strictly determined by law. The article in reference analyzes the domestic legislation and practice regarding the application and observance of the respective principle in relation to the international legislation and practice, explaining the exceptions of advertising and coming up with solutions to improve the procedural-criminal legislation. The research identifies the problems arising in the practice of the courts and comes up with solutions to remove the divergences.
Keywords: publicity, principle, court session, closed sessions, courts of law, fundamental law, criminal process, procedural sanctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_63-73<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Abord\u0103ri privind cauzele \u0219i condi\u021biile ce favorizeaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lcarea drepturilor civile la realizarea m\u0103surilor speciale de investiga\u0163ie
Reflections regarding the causes and conditions that favor the violation of civil rights when performing special investigative measures <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boris GLAVAN, Ghennadi CALCAVURA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This study is dedicated to the field of special investigation activity, approaching a subject of special importance both theoretically and practically. The actuality of identifying and analyzing the causes and conditions that favor the violation of the civil rights to the special investigation measures derive from the acute need for improving the image and confidence of the citizen in the authorized bodies to protect the constitutional values by practicing the special investigation activity. In order to carry out the purpose of the research aimed at revealing, highlighting and analyzing the causes and conditions that favor the violation of civil rights to carry out the special investigative measures, the traditional research methods were used, including the survey method, the relevant national and abroad literature. The results obtained within this research will replace the theoretical-methodological deficit of the special investigations activity, serving, at the same time, to initiate other studies in this research segment.
Keywords: special investigative activity, special investigative measures, breach, cases, investigating officers, civil rights, crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_74-87<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Contract for the international sale of goods as an example of an international commercial agreement
Contractul de v\u00e2nzare interna\u021bional\u0103 de m\u0103rfuri ca exemplu de acord comercial interna\u021bional <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olga TATAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Contract for the International Sale of Goods is the most important of all foreign trade contracts. This agreement is closely related to various types of work contracts – transactions aimed at the performance of work and the provision of services related to the supply of machinery and equipment. Execution of this type of contract involves the conclusion of a contract of carriage and insurance, and often also a license agreement, which is concluded in order to ensure the production of goods provided for by the contract for the international sale of goods.
Keywords: international agreements, convention, state, commercial enterprise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_88-103<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0435
Features of the use of the polygraph in Israel <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0418\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c \u041a\u0423\u0417\u041d\u0415\u0426\u041e\u0412, \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u0423\u041d\u0413\u0423<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article discusses the basic principles of the use of the polygraph in crime investigation, the scientific research in relation to the validity of the methods of using the polygraph, and their ability to distinguish between true and false statements. The essence of the procedure, its stages, as well as the types of tests and their purpose when using a polygraph in the public and private sectors in Israel are presented.
Keywords: polygraph, lie detection, crime, scientific method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_104-111<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Impactul noilor procedee probatorii asupra drepturile omului \u00een procesul penal
The impact of new procedures on human rights in criminal proceedings <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ion COVALCIUC, Daniel CRISTEA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The dynamics of the legislative process in recent times, stimulated by the scientific progress and, respectively, the increasing demand from both judicial bodies and society as a whole, influence the fundamental human rights and freedoms. The impact of new investigative tools, as a form of response to the challenges mentioned, on human rights and fundamental freedoms, have to be not only visible but also predictable for the recipients of the law.
The approach which the legislature chose to adopt with regards to the special investigative activity, from the perspective of its interference with human rights, cannot be neglected because deviations in this matter being likely to either annihilate the effectiveness of the investigative activity or unjustifiably harm human rights. Considerations, which serve to identify inadequacies in this regard can only be welcomed.
Keywords: special investigative activity, special investigative actions, human rights, evidentiary procedure<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_112-116<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Particularit\u0103\u021bile punerii pe rol a cauzelor penale: aspecte teoretico-practice
The particularities of placing criminal cases on the role: theoretical-practical aspects <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ion CHIRTOAC\u0102<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the most important phases of the trial of the case in the first instance is the filing of the criminal case. This phase, although it is an early one of the trial phase of the case, due to the nature and diversity of the requests received from the parties involved in the process, raises a series of procedural incidents for the courts. The resolution of procedural incidents, by the courts at this stage, is not predictable and unitary, which often subsequently complicates the court process, leading to delays and violation of the principle of examining criminal cases within a reasonable time. This article aims to shape up the main rules by which the court should be guided, in order to provide a predictable and uniform judicial practice.
Keywords: criminal process, placing on the docket, phases of the criminal process, court of law, particularities, preliminary hearing, law, justice, equity, realization, criminal investigation, evidences, human rights, ECHR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_117-123<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Cadrul juridic de protec\u021bie a secretului de stat
The legal framework for the protection of state classified information <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alexandru GAINA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>In the content of this article, the definition of the term state secret and the degrees of secrecy are given, the principles and methods of assigning information to state secret are revealed, in accordance with the legislation in force, as well as the legal framework for the protection of such information is addressed.
Keywords: state classified information, disclosure, harm, negative impact, national security, defense of the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_124-132<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Modalitatea procesual\u0103 de aplicare a amnistiei (Opinie)
The procedural method of applying the amnesty (Opinion) <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alexandru SPOIAL\u0102<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_133-135<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Controlul judiciar al urm\u0103ririi penale (Recenzie)
Judicial oversight of the criminal investigation (Review) (autori\/ authors: Tudor Osoianu, Dinu Ostavciuc) <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valeriu CU\u015eNIR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
p_136-138<\/a>Descarc\u0103<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Equality before the law and the authoritiesEgalitatea \u00een fa\u0163a legii \u015fi a autorit\u0103\u0163ilor Dinu OSTAVCIUC Egalitatea \u00een fa\u021ba legii \u0219i a autorit\u0103\u021bilor este, de r\u00e2nd cu principiul legalit\u0103\u021bii, unul de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":[],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"2.12.2","language":"gb","enabled_languages":["ro","gb"],"languages":{"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gb":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.police.md\/gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/legea_si_viata\/12912"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.police.md\/gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/legea_si_viata"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.police.md\/gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/legea_si_viata"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.police.md\/gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}